## The Brachistochrone Curve

Let $B$ to be a ball positioned at some point $A$. Considering that only gravitational force acts on $B$, what is the trajectory the ball should follow in order to reach a point $C$ in the shortest time? The solution of this problem is known as the brachistochrone curve.

Although similar, the brachistochrone problem is different from the tautochrone problem. The amusing fact is that the solutions of both problems are the same. The brilliant argument exposed next is due to Johann Bernoulli.

## The principle of least time

Light has different speeds at different mediums. That’s why we perceive the phenomenon of refraction when observing objects underwater while ourselves stand out of it. Willebrord Snellius was the first to give a relation between the speed of light in different mediums and its angle of refraction. By denoting $n_1$ and $n_2$ constants related with the speed of light at mediums $M_1$ and $M_2$ (also called refraction indexes of mediums $M_1$ and $M_2$); by $\theta_1$ the entry ray’s angle with the plane $P$ separating $M_1$ and $M_2$; and by $\theta_2$ the out ray’s angle, the relation is written as:

$\displaystyle \frac{n_1}{n_2} = \frac{ \sin \theta_1 }{\sin \theta_2}$

## The Tautochrone Curve

The tautochrone is the curve in which a ball, positioned anywhere on the curve, will take the same time to arrive at its lowest point.

In a physical model where uniform gravity is the only force acting on the ball, the tautochrone curve is a cycloid (the curve described by a fixed point in a rolling circle), as correctly proven by Huygens in 1673 [BOYDE] using pure geometric arguments. We are going to present two different ways to arrive at this result.

## The Laplace Transform

The expression “It is easy to see that…” was used many and many times by the scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace when he didn’t want to come into the details of its ideas. One of the main contributions of Laplace, the Laplace Transform, will be explained here, hopefully in an easy to see fashion.

## Definition

Let $f:\mathcal{R}\rightarrow\mathcal{R}$. Its Laplace transform is defined as:

$\displaystyle \mathcal{L}\{f(t)\} = F(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty}{e^{-st}f(t)dt}.$

If $f$ is piecewise continuous and there exist real positive numbers $a,K,M$ such that $|f(t)| \leq Ke^{at} \quad \forall t \geq M$, then the integral above is well defined for all values $s > a$.